Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) utilizing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes have emerged as a effective technology for wastewater treatment due to their ability to achieve high removal rates of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms. To optimize the performance of these systems, several key factors need to be meticulously considered. The

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) represent a cutting-edge technology in wastewater treatment. They combine the principles of standard activated sludge processes with advanced membrane filtration. This pioneering combination achieves exceptional effluent quality, effectively reducing a wide range of pollutants, including suspended solids, organic matter,